Operational and economic advantages of autonomous ships and their perceived impacts on port operations

Autonomous shipping has been on the agenda of industry for last decade, and is now closer to becoming a reality more than ever. Although it technically possible automate ships with developments in autonomous technologies recent years, effective use Maritime Surface Ships (MASS) depends meeting specific operational needs shipping. Furthermore, must provide significant economic, environmental, safety, interoperability advantages transition autonomy be feasible. This study provides detailed assessment improvements, impacts, problems that may arise advent MASS. In addition this, we assess processes would ensure realization ship–port interoperability. this context, discusses MASS, taking variety factors into account, including acceptability benefits economic impacts industry, adaptation vessel types, MASS–port interactions (considering various aspects port operations), role authorities. Data were collected using questionnaire distributed relevant maritime stakeholders. The results highlight navigational issues facing areas, challenges regarding during cargo operations. findings research are expected assist efforts successfully implementing systems transport chain.